Diagnosis and management of orbital and cranial complications of pediatric acute rhinosinusitis / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To review the clinical characteristics, to illustrate diagnosis and management experience of orbital and cranial complications of pediatric acute rhinosinusitis. Methods: The clinical data of 24 children with orbital and cranial complications of acute rhinosinusitis who received endoscopic sinus surgery combined with drug treatment in Beijing Children's Hospital from January 2017 to December 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. There were 19 boys and 5 girls. The age varied from 13 to 159 months, with a median 47.5 months. The following diagnoses were obtained: 12 isolated subperiosteal orbital abscess, 2 associated with preseptal abscess, 2 associated with intraorbital abscess, 7 associated with optic neuritis, and 1 associated with septic cavernous sinus thrombosis. Clinical characteristics, organism isolated and outcomes were analyzed through descriptive methods. Results: All 24 patients presented with fever; 9 presented with nasal congestion and purulent discharge. The clinical manifestations of orbital infection included orbital edema, pain, proptosis and displacement of globe in all patients, while visual impairment was recognized in 7 children. Purulent drainage was cultured in 17 patients, among which 12 were positive. All patients underwent nasal endoscopic surgical interventions uneventfully, excluding one patient who required a second surgical procedure. Follow-up period ranged from 5 to 64 months. All patients resolved fully, with the exception of 2 children who got permanent blindness with visual loss preoperative. There was no recurrence or death. Conclusions: Orbital and cranial complications of pediatric acute rhinosinusitis could be severe with an occult onset. For patients with vison impairment, any signs of intracranial complications and a lack of response to conservative management, an urgent endoscopic intervention is needed.

Aspectos tomográficos da órbita aguda infecciosa: revisão de literatura / Tomographic findings of acute infections of the orbit: literature review

As doenças que acometem a órbita de forma aguda e não traumática por vezes não são conhecidas por médicos em centros de emergência. Essas condições são decorrentes de diversos fatores, como desordens imunológicas, congênitas, infecciosas, vasculares, entre outras. As causas infecciosas correspondem a mais de 50% de todos os casos e requer rápido diagnóstico e conduta para minimização de sequelas. A tomografia computadorizada (TC) é o exame de imagem de primeira linha nesses casos, sendo geralmente disponível nos centros de emergência e capaz de fornecer auxílio diagnóstico de forma rápida, precisa e eficaz. Esse artigo de revisão visa descrever os principais aspectos tomográficos da órbita aguda infecciosa, correlacionando-os com os dados da literatura.

The acute and nontraumatic diseases that involve the orbit are often little known by most physicians. These conditions are due to several factors, such as immune disorders, congenital, infections, vascular, among others disorders. The infectious causes correspond to more than 50% of all cases and require rapid diagnosis and management in order to minimize sequels. Computed tomography (CT) is the first line imaging method on these cases, generally being available in emergency centers and capable to provide an accurate, quick and effective diagnostic information. This review article aims to describe the main tomographic findings in acute orbit infections, correlating them with the literature data.

Mucormicosis en una paciente diabética: caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Mucormycosis in a diabetic patient: case report and literature review

Presentamos un caso de Mucormicosis Rinoorbitaria en una mujer de 48 años, diabética, en cetoacidosis, a quien se hizo el diagnóstico por histopatología. Tratada con anfotericina B intravenosa y un agresivo debridamiento quirúrgico para eliminar tejidos infartados y necróticos de gran parte de la hemicara y ojo derecho, logra sobrevivir a esta catastrófica infección. La mucormicosis es una infección aguda y extremadamente grave causada por hongos oportunistas y ubicuos del orden Mucoroles pertenecientes a la clase Phycomycetes, que afecta principalmente a un grupo de pacientes cuyas condiciones inmunológicas y metabólicas favorecen el desarrollo del hongo. Hacemos una definición del grupo de "pacientes en riesgo", lo que es extremadamente importante, ya que de la sospecha clínica se puede abordar un diagnóstico precoz para evitar la alta mortalidad y morbilidad que esta enfermedad provoca. Analizamos la patogenia de la enfermedad, así como una revisión de la literatura sobre modalidades de diagnóstico y terapéutica. El diagnóstico de urgencia sigue siendo de responsabilidad del patólogo, y el tratamiento de mayor éxito es la anfotericina B.

We present a case of rhinoorbital mucormycosis in a diabetic, developing ketoacidose, 48-year old woman. Diagnosis was established through histopathology. The patient was successfully treated and survives with a combination of anphotericin B and an aggressive surgery in order to eliminate all the ischemic and necrotic tissues affecting almost the entire right side of the face and intraorbital structures surviving to this catastrophic infection. Mucormycosis is an acute and often fatal infection caused by opportunistic fungus of the class Zygomycetes, order Mucoroles that affects a select group of patients associated with underlying metabolic and immunological disorders. A definition of "risk-group" is proposed. This definition is of extreme importance for a prompt diagnosis avoiding the high rate of morbidity and mortality associated with this condition. We review both pathogenic mechanism and literature related to diagnostic modalities and new therapeutical approaches. Emergency diagnosis is still in hands of pathologists and the most successful treatment is with anphotericin B.

Application of tele-ophthalmology in remote diagnosis and management of adnexal and orbital diseases.

Purpose: To assess the feasibility of making a diagnosis of adnexal and orbital diseases by Tele-ophthalmological means. Materials and Methods: Tele-consultation for eye diseases was done for 3497 patients from remote areas of Tamilnadu as part of the rural tele-ophthalmology project of a tertiary eye care hospital during a period of nine months from October 2004 to June 2005. These patients were comprehensively examined on-site by optometrists. Using digitized images sent by store and forward technique and videoconferencing, the ophthalmologist made a diagnosis and advised treatment. Results: Adnexal or orbital diseases were detected in 101 out of 3497 patients (2.88%). Medical treatment was advised to 13 of 101 patients (12.8%). Surgery was advised in 62 of 101 patients (61.28%) whereas 18 of 101 patients (17.8%) required further investigations at a tertiary center. Conclusion: It was feasible to apply the satellite based tele-ophthalmology set-up for making a presumptive diagnosis and planning further management of adnexal and orbital diseases based on live interaction and digital still images of the patients.

Liver cirrhosis and rhino-orbital mucormycosis, a possible but rare association: description of a clinical case and literature review

Only few cases of rhino-orbital mucormycosis in patients with liver cirrhosis are described in the literature and most of these patients showed an associated diabetes mellitus. We describe a case of rhino-orbital mucormycosis in a patient with liver cirrhosis without other risk factors.

Enfisema orbitário compressivo após asseio nasal: relato de caso / Sight-threatening orbital emphysema after nose blowing: case report

O enfisema orbitário é caracterizado pela presença anormal de ar na órbita. Sua ocorrência espontânea não é frequente e a maioria dos casos está associada à fratura de órbita. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino de 40 anos com quadro de enfisema orbitário unilateral, secundário a asseio vigoroso do nariz. A paciente evoluiu com redução aguda da acuidade visual em decorrência de elevação da pressão intraocular, sendo indicado tratamento de urgência. Foi realizada punção orbitária com agulha 24-gauge próximo à região da incisura supraorbital, com melhora imediata do quadro clínico e recuperação da acuidade visual.

Orbital emphysema is the abnormal presence of air in the orbit. Occurrence in the absence of orbital fracture is rare. We report a case of a 40-year-old female presenting unilateral orbital emphysema after vigorous nose blowing. She developed sudden visual loss as a result of elevated intraocular pressure and urgent treatment was required. She underwent an orbital decompression, performed using a 24-gauge needle puncture adjacent to the supraorbital notch. After treatment, she reported considerable decrease of symptoms.

Sinusite aguda em crianças: estudo retrospectivo de complicações orbitárias / Acute sinusitis in children: a retrospective study of orbital complications

Das complicações da sinusite, as que envolvem a região orbitária são mais freqüentes. OBJETIVO: Este trabalho tem por objetivo mostrar a incidência de celulite orbitária (CO) como complicação de sinusite aguda em crianças. Forma de Estudo: Retrospectivo. MÉTODO: Após autorização específica, foram avaliados todos os prontuários de pacientes pediátricos, com idade até 12 anos, com diagnóstico de complicação orbitária por sinusite, admitidos na Clínica de ORL e Pediátrica do HPEV no período de 1985 a 2004. Os casos foram analisados segundo o sexo, idade, quadro clínico, seio paranasal acometido, período médio de internação, exames de imagem realizados e tratamento instituído. RESULTADO: No período de 1985 a 2004, foram diagnosticados 25 pacientes portadores de CO, apresentando uma incidência de 6 por cento, predomínio do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 6,5 anos. O seio paranasal mais acometido foi o maxilar. 24 pacientes apresentavam edema periorbitário. Todos os 25 pacientes apresentavam velamento sinusal ao Rx. Um paciente apresentava deslocamento do globo ocular e proptose e a TC mostrava abscesso subperiosteal. O período médio de internação foi de 4 dias. 25 pacientes receberam tratamento antibiótico endovenoso e 2 foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico associado. CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de complicações orbitárias pós-sinusite são infreqüentes, com diagnóstico precoce evoluem bem com tratamento clínico. A cirurgia pode ser necessária em alguns casos.

Among the complications of sinusitis, those that involve the orbital region are the most frequent. AIM: the objective of this paper is to show an incidence of orbital cellulites (OC) secondary to acute sinusitis in children. Study design: retrospective. METHODS: After board approval, the charts of all pediatric patients diagnosed with orbital complications secondary to sinusitis, seen at the Pediatric and at the ENT clinics of the HPEV, between 1985 and 2004, were evaluated. The data was analyzed considering gender, age, clinical presentation, period of hospitalization, image study, and treatment. RESULTS: from 1985 to 2004, 25 patients were diagnosed with OC secondary to sinusitis, presenting an incidence of 6 percent . Males predominated, the median age was 6.5 years, and the maxillary was the most frequently involved sinus. Twenty-four patients presented mild peri-orbital swallowing. All 25 patients presented X-Ray alterations. One patient with proptosis had a subperiosteal abcess seen on the CT-scan. The average time of hospitalization was 4 days. All 25 patients received IV antibiotics, 2 required surgery. CONCLUSION: The incidence of orbital complications secondary to sinusitis is low, and although the majority of cases are early diagnosed and respond well to medication treatment, a surgical intervention may be required.

Trauma orbitario. Clasificación y tratamiento en el Hospital Central Militar. Incidencia y clasificación de lesiones oculares. Informe en 100 pacientes / Orbital trauma. Classification and treatment in the Military Central Hospital of Mexico. Frequence and classification of ocular injuries. A one hundred patient report

Del 1o. de junio de 1996 al 31 de mayo de 1997, se realizó un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal y observacional, en el Hospital Central Militar. Se analizaron datos de 100 pacientes con trauma orbitario, y se clasificaron de acuerdo con clasificación propuesta. La edad de presentación del trauma orbitario, de 10 meses a 85 años, promedio de 24 años, El sexo masculino predominó, 88 por ciento. La órbita más afectada fue la izquierda; 53 por ciento. La visión postrauma 20/200 o mejor, 82.2 por ciento. Modo de accidente: asalto físico, 44 por ciento. Lugar del accidente: vía pública 54 por ciento. Agente causal: objeto contundente, 87 por ciento. Sitio de lesión: lesión palpebral, 147 casos. Se concluye que el trauma orbitario es de las causas más frecuentes de ceguera uni o bilateral en jóvenes, afectando la edad productiva, deteriorando la calidad de vida. No existen clasificaciones que abarquen al trauma orbitario de forma integral, por lo que es importante la creación de una clasificación que abarque íntegra y prácticamente la gama de lesiones presentes en el trauma orbitario. Noventa por ciento del trauma orbitario es prevenible, pero al presentarse el tratamiento oportuno evita secuelas. Identificar factores de riesgo así como crear estrategias, disminuirán la alta incidencia

Mucormicose orbital / Orbital mucormycosis

A Mucormicose orbital, ou mais comumente rino-órbito-cerebral, é uma patologia fúngica rara, altamente destrutiva e letal. Os autores fazem uma revisao da literatura a partir de 1970 onde encontraram-se 208 casos relatados. Desses, reuniram-se 145 casos descritos detalhadamente, analisadas as patologias associadas, siais e sintomas oftalmológicos e nao-oftalmológicos, forma de diagnóstico da doença e terapêutica utilizada. Apesar da diminuiçao do índice de mortalidade, a mucormicose permanece como desafio para a Medicina e especialmente para as especialidades potencialmente envolvidas.